Monumental Architecture Essay Example for Free

Monumental Architecture EssayMonumental architecture is large man-made structure of stone or earth. I make it in New York, one of the largest cities in the world. We have many examples of the monumental architectures. The top ten of them are the Statue of Liberty, Grants Tomb, Grand Army Plaza, upper-case letter Square Arch, Columbus Circle Fountain, The Grand Army Plaza, Literary Walk, Richard Morris Hunt Memorial, 107th Infantry Memorial, and the 911 Memorial. I have been living in New York City for the blend twenty years. On September 11, 2011, I arrived at work as usually fifteen minutes earlier and while I was parked my cable car I heard on the radio that one of the airplane struck the globe Trade Tower. I came to my floor and told all my workers about it. Our building was find in the East part of New York we could see the Twins Towers from our windows.From our windows, we saw how the second airplane struck the second tower. Panic struck everyone. In the Towers and th e vault of heaven surrounding, there were friends and relatives, we feared for their lives. We tried to reach them but the phone lines were over-flowing and we cannot reach them right a means. From the windows in our stains we saw how the building collapsed. After that our director decided to close our office early in order for us to go be with our families. From work I went directly to school to pick up my daughter and on our way home I tried to explain to her what happening in the morning. My friends and relatives safely escape from the area of Twins Towers but many other lives were lost. As a tribute of remembrance and honor to the lives lost on September 11, 2001, a memorial was built by the name of the 911 Memorial.This memorial is located at the World Trade Center site, the former location of the Twin Towers. The memorial contains two square pools in the center, where the Twin Towers once stood surrounded by the forest of trees. The jut of memorial is thirty feet below str eet level which was started in the year of 2006. This design contains the footprints of the buildings that stood. On September 11, 2011, a dedication ceremony was held at the memorial. The memorial officially was opened to the public on September 12, 2011. The museum of this tragedy opened around September 11, 2012. Many people now visit the memorial to think about not only the lives lost but of the heroes who went into the buildings to save others.www.911memorial.orghttp//www.cnn.com/2011/12/29/us/new-york-911-memorial/http//timeline.national911memorial.orghttp//www.nationalgeographic.com/remembering-9-11/place-of-remembrance/ http//www.msnbc.msn.com/id/44483977/ns/us_news-9_11_ten_years_later/t/memorial-plaza-nyc-opens-public/.UP7cZ_JX-KI Rttp//gswho went into the firre

Family Assessment Essay Example for Free

Family Assessment EssayAs a nurse practicing in todays wellness guardianship environment it is everlastingly important to be very attentive for the admits of the persevering and the patients family. In order to realize the needs of the patient and the patients loved ones it is much helpful to conduct a family assessment. This assessment was carried out on an urban family which is in the middle income group. Some of the factors which were inferred from the assessment were as follows. In terms of values, health and nutrition, it was found that the members paid much emphasis to this.As s matter of fact, the initial family expenditure was on these three. Health is taken as a zippy requirement and wholly the individuals need to flip it. This is the same case with rest. Since most of the members be quite busy all through the day, the family spends some time unitedly in the evening before retiring to bed. Most of the free time is spent having the family together in a relaxed atmosphere (Ritchie, 2012). The family is very concerned for the patients needs and overall well-being. They are so concerned about elimination, though the need for exercise and activity is highly declare.The members appreciate and know the need for physical fitness. As such, they try to make sure that they attain it. Nevertheless, they have such tight schedules that they do not get enough time to be engaged in these. This is quite unfortunate. On the cognitive factors, the family is highly receptive. The level attained in the family is establish on the importance it attaches to the cognitive development. The children have gone through learning institutions and are still in pursuit of knowledge and education. This is the same case with the parents. They work with the notion that information is power.As it pertains to health care sometimes simple common sense comes into play. Sensory perception is taken as a defining factor of the common sense. However, there is a precept that co mmon sense is not common to all. Nevertheless, this family has greatly attained this sensory perception. Everyone is aware of their surroundings and they are go outing to work towards making the family even better. Their egoism is also quiet high. Based on the findings from the interview, they have high regard of each other due to the accomplishments they have seen in their lives.Their high esteem is based on the fact that they do not compare themselves with others. Rather, they believe in who they are. This also helps to streamline their aims relationship since everyone understands his/her position in the family and does as is appropriate to their role (IFNA, 2012). Sexuality is a very touchy issue for many people but it is something that often needs to be addressed. The issue of sexuality is a study concern for many, since people tend to have different sexual orientations. This family remains open to the issue of sexuality and everyone has the freedom to choose or decide the road he wants to follow.However, this has to fall in line with the family values which they hold dearly. Lastly, there is the aspect of coping. This family, just like many others, encounters daily challenges. However, it has managed to come through all of them. The reason cited by the members is because they believe in the harmony and unity of a family. Therefore, the problem of one is a problem for all. The family works with the philosophy of one for all and all for one. This is what has made the family stand all along besides the challenges they face (Ritchie, 2012). As it pertains to diagnosis assessment can be very helpful.In diagnose this family, there are two main nursing diagnoses that can be reached at. These are in line with the International Family Nursing Organization (2012). These two are delirious readiness as well as the status and function. These two seem to be very consistent in this family. They are as indicated in the paragraphs below. The emotional well-being of a person goes a long way in terms of having good physical health. On the emotional status, IFNA (2012) talks of the emotional readiness where the people are cause to change or take up traits that can help the family to function normally.The emotional status has it that a family is ready to take up the health options available. On this aspect, the family proved to be ready for the changes that would benefit it. Most of the members agreed that they were ready to adopt healthier practices that could improve their health. For instance, they acknowledged that they needed to be more vigilant in exercising and physical activity. This was a good status of mind. Sometimes if a person displays destructive port there needs to be a willingness to improve and change. Despite the willingness to change, a challenge that faces this family is the status and function.According to the IFNA (2012), this diagnoses has it that a family or individual should have the will to change. However, the circums tances are not favorable. This is the same case that applies with the family. All the members are ready and willing to change and adopt the healthy options. However, they do not have the time in which they can undertake these activities. All they have is the willingness to change but the factors around them do not allow them to. In conclusion, this essay has looked at the family health assessment. It has defined how a family diagnosis can be done and the factors affecting it.This has been followed up by a case study looking at a real family and performing a health analysis on it. From the discussion, it has come out quiet clearly that family assessment should be based on the health and functionality of the family as a unit. For this reason, the family health model comes in handy as an assessment method. This was as seen in the case study which reveals the need for a comprehensive family assessment. It leads to the realization of all factors affecting a familys health and functionali ty hence coming up with proper intervention strategies.

Change Junctures in the Change Management Process

Change Junctures in the Change wariness ProcessCritical change junctures in the change management process at Spectrum sun-Glass Comp any(prenominal)IntroductionIn the simulation undertaken, I am the Director of Product Innovation under the social unit handling Research and Development for a company called Spectrum sun-glass Harvard (2012). I am very passionate about sustainability and would be very like the company to head green products to its clients. At a recent company retreat, I tried sharing the discussion I had had with the unrighteousness President of our biggest retail customer, Bigmart in which he had intimated that Bigmart was about to require all their suppliers to, go through the Green Certification process. As I proceeded, nearly of my colleagues were displeased with the Chief Finance Officer, Paul DArcy and the Vice President for Operations Luke Filer, coming out very strongly, against my proposal. I however received support from the Vice President (VP) of Sales a nd Marketing, Leslie Harris and Vice President (VP) for gentlemans gentleman Resources, Mary Gopinath. As a compromise, the CEO appointed me as the head of a team from the different departments to develop a plan that is acceptable to all. As I lacked any formal authority, I had to rely on my personal believability which was quite high at this point.2.0 Section 1 1st finis Hosting a town-hall meeting in week 25 and the reason behind.To galvanise with, I undertook a range of decisions to raise my personal credibility and increase sense. For instance, in week 0-24, I had private interviews with colleagues (particularly those opposed to the initiative), I received support from a consultant, and I received the CEOs support, to mention but a few. However, the decision that most advanced my change management process, was the town hall meeting that I held in week 25. This town hall meeting alone moved the avocation individuals from the awareness to the trial stage Andrew Chen, Walt J ames, Bob Ingram, Yao Li, Mark Robert, Anne Thompson, Louise Crysh and Dianne Mcnatt. The reasoning behind this decision was informed by Robert Ciadini as quoted in Cliffe, S (2013) who says that if one intends to take people, one needs to appeal to six human responses namely people will follow through with commitments that they have made publicly, people will do things that they see people similar to them do, when people are un accredited about certain things, they tend to look towards experts and other possible sources of information, people are more likely to accept proposals from someone that they like, people tend to respond positively to people who have helped them in the past and people value things whose supply is particular(a). The town hall meeting was therefore a perfect lever for me to use, as it enabled people to accept my proposal, if other people in the group were to accept. Secondly, it enabled colleagues to make a public commitment to my proposed change, than s ay, in the private interviews. In addition, the town hall meeting was a perfect opportunity for me to share my extensive knowledge on the issue of sustainability and why it is important for our company and future growth. In the face of uncertainty, my colleagues were thence more likely to defer to me and agree to my proposal. Looking back, at the levers that I used, I should also have continued with personal interviews, particularly with the key opponents of my plan. This strategy of co-opting antagonists is well elaborated in Pfeffer, J (2010), as a counselling of winning over opponents and giving them a stake in the process of change. Personally, this could also have involved fashioning concessions to the CFO and the VP-Operations in private, so that they start to own a part of the plan.3.0 Section 2 How I would implement the change action above in practiceIn practice, I would stress to utilize the levers provided in a concurrent fashion. Whereas, in the simulation, I could onl y hold a town hall meeting, for instance I would in practice, want to complement this with a public statement of support from the CEO. I would also look at having the consultants report delivered during the townhall meeting. In addition to these formal avenues for influencing my colleagues, I would anticipate out opportunities to help out colleagues. In this way, I would create an obligation on their part to reciprocate. This would therefore ensure that when they are called upon to support my proposal, they would feel conflicted, not to support it. Similarly, I would try to make every effort to get myself liked by colleagues, in very casual settings. This liking would them make it more likely, that they would support my proposal. I would focus less on the means, and focus more on the end. That is, I would be extremely flexible with the levers and concentrate more on the goal of having management agree to Spectrum-sun glass do green products. I would also seek to appreciate the ar guments of my colleagues, in Finance and operations. To allay their fears about the fiscal and operational challenges of the new proposal, I would invite their contributions on how these can be addressed. I would be willing to accept these suggestions as it helps me attain my overall goal-albeit with certain changes. In addition to the personal interviews and town halls, I would also look-out and encourage opportunities for my colleagues to air their views and even reservations about my proposal. This would help me to understand the main issues that my opponents value and would then enable me to respond appropriately.4.0 Section 3 2nd decision/Juncture Building a coalition of support in week 43 and the reasoning behindIn week 43, I sought to build a coalition of supporters among the staff, as a way of trying to move the organization from the awareness to the movement stage of the change process. Not only did this decision, have no effect on the organization it also emergenceed in a loss of my credibility as some staff were not enthusiastic about the idea. In making this decision, my assumption had been that there was then sufficient interest, in my proposal, among the team. In fact, this result (the failure to build a coalition of support) could be explained by the unlike theories about organisational culture. For example, Chatman, J, Eunyoung Cha, S (2003) posit that organizational culture is very unchewable as it energizes and rallies employees around common perceived goals or objectives. The lack of interest by the employees of Spectrum sun-glass in joining a coalition of support could therefore be partially explained by the culture of the organization. This view is supported by, Goffee, R, Jones, G (1996) who explains that organizations can be grouped on the basis of their cultures, as follows Networked Organizations-in which there is a atomic reactor of informality, cliques and limited commitment to company goals, Mercenary Organizations,-in which d ecisions are made by top management and enforced swiftly throughout the organization, Fragmented organizations-in which there is limited solidarity and collaboration across departments and communal organizations, in which there is a lot of socializing at work and solidarity. Based on the above metric, I would ramify Spectrum sun-glass as a Fragmented company where there is limited solidarity and collaboration across departments. Alternatively and as explained by Prof Tim Morris in his lecture on leading through culture company cultures can be assessed on five dimensions, namely whether it has a single or multiple cultures, whether decision making is low or high consensus, whether there is an internal or client focus, whether the performance orientation is high or low and whether there is internal cooperation or competition. Based on the above criteria I would rate Spectrum sun-glass as having a single culture, high consensus decision making, client focus, a high performance orient ation and internal competition. With the above information and in retrospect I should not have sought to create a coalition in such an organizational culture, at the time I did. Instead, I should have concentrated on enabling change through consolidating and relying on my personal credibility, communicating my proposal and making the necessary emotional connection and training.5.0 How I would implement the change action above in practiceIn practice, I would start by analyzing the existent organizational culture. I would then craft a very convincing slogan to motivate my colleagues to adopt my approach. For instance, Go Green, More Profits, and More Pay. To further grow interest in my proposal, I would create a sense of urgency, by making the slogan action oriented, Goffee, et al, (1996). As this is a fragmented and mercenary organization, I would also try to organize dialogues on my proposal in informal settings like lunch, parties and so on. As these parties are enjoyable for thos e who attend, this tends to increase my likability and the social combat-ready within the group. It would also be critical for me to create a place of psychological safety to ask questions about my proposal, to receive honest feedback, to discuss any reservations and errors of approach openly. In this way, I would reinforce the solidarity of the group and its ability to socialize Chatman, et al (2003).6.0 ConclusionIn the end, I was able through the use of the various levers to have eighteen adopters by week 56. This translated into a change efficiency ratio of 0.32, which is high. My change leadership skills (the mishaps, notwithstanding) ensured that I was able to convince a critical mass of managers to adopt the initiative on sustainability. This significantly improved the financial prospects of the company and my professional prospects.BibliographyChatman, J, Eunyoung Cha, S 2003, Leading by Leveraging Culture, California Management Review, 45, 4, pp. 20-34, origin Source Co mplete, EBSCOhost, viewed 17 January 2017.Cliffe, S 2013, The Uses (and Abuses) of Influence, Harvard rail line Review, 91, 7/8, pp. 76-81, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 17 January 2017.Goffee, R, Jones, G 1996, What Holds the Modern Company Together?, Harvard Business Review, 74, 6, pp. 133-148, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 17 January 2017Harvard (2012) Change management simulation Power and influence. Available at http//forio.com/simulate/harvard/change-management/simulation/index.htmlintroduction (Accessed 17 January 2017).Pfeffer, J 2010, Power Play, Harvard Business Review, 88, 7/8, pp. 84-92, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 17 January 2017Tim Morris (2016) Lecture Slide on Leading through Culture, Available at https//weblearn.ox.ac.uk/access/content/group/1ed98592-bb15-4079-ad29 b1e4e73be816/ enumeration%20Library/Lecture%20Slides/LF16%2010.1%20Organisational%20Culture.pdf (Accessed 18 January 2017).

Heat Exchange In Refrigerator System

Heat Exchange In Refrigerator SystemINTRODUCTION The intend come alive exchangers, such as condensers and evaporators, very oft influences energy effectiveness of the refrige balancen arrangement. A properly deviseed modify exchanger testament not simply helps decrease energy consumption scarcely in addition trim back approach and increase storage volume. Recovering energy efficiency and reducing cost essentially poses a multi objective optimisation problem. As these objectives are differing, no single design will satisfy both at the same time.Generally, incite energy exchanger optimization plunder be classified into placement-level optimization and component-level optimization as in system-level optimization. a complete system is analyzed while component level depth psychology is performed by separating the heat exchanger from the system by providing proper junction boundary conditions. Previously it has been used design optimization methods, which are merely thermody namic in nature, for sheath entropy coevals minimization (EGM) The main concept of EGM is that if entropy, which measures the irreversibility of the system and minimized fol humbleded by systems performance improvement the technique is used to optimize heat-exchanger list surrounded by the condenser and evaporator. The resultant system from the analysis is the good energy efficient, but may not be good for an economic point of view a new approach was projected which integ considers economics with thermodynamic optimization, which means the thermo-economics approach. Thermo-economics blends both very dissimilar fields thermodynamics and economics, making it predominantly suitable to design caloric systems with efficiency and capital cost. (Gholap et.,2007 ) . Condensation heat designate, equally in spot and outside horizontal ramparts, plays a main role in infrigidation the science of abridgment heat transfer has been adopted a substitute spend a pennying fluids and new im proved surfaces for heat exchangers. (Cavallini, A etal.,2003)Literature reviewLiterature review and parole for heat exchange in icebox system There are many publications focus on heat exchangers in an refrigerator system has provoke quite a lot of design variables such as geometry, surface finish, Material In this work. These variables are inhibited by sundry(a) reasons such as manufacturing capability and space limitation. Heat exchanger has many variables, e.g. number of rows, width, fin density, render diameter, tube spacing, fin spacing, etc. Dependent variables are the characteristics of the design menage refrigerators, energy consumption, cost, and internal volume can serve as independent variables. (Gholap,,2007 ) describe heat optimizing system in an refrigerator system the study was proposed considering general energy-consumption and heat-exchanger with head start base cost material which was multi-objective optimization problem. Thus he tried to cypherd over all energy-consumption by adding the energies consumed by the compressor, fan motors, and defrost warmer for a 24 hours period and heat-exchanger costs of material were calculated by means of individual weight of the coil multiplied through the rate per whole and weight of the correspond metal in the market. His investigateed was focus on various kinds of design of the condenser for heat optimizing, most household refrigerators has wire-on-tube design for the condenser and finned tubeDesign for the evaporator which is used extensively according to research heat exchanger is divided into along length, height and depth each of element has refrigerant and derivation of descent steam. However, heat optimizing system does not show much development Thus, The designer can prefer a resolution based on the manufacturers strategic steerage regarding cost and the Energy-consumption requirement. A research on wire on tube condenser by (Lee, TH.,2001) observes the correlation on the airside he at transfer coefficient of wire-on-tube type heat exchangers by using single layer tube rather than using bundles of tubes.The improved correlations were based on Zhukauskas correlation which discussed via the numerical analysis. Thus Concluding the ratio of Zhukauskas correlation for a single cylinder to the heat transfer coefficient across to the air time period in the wire-on-tube type heat exchanger is constant and the heat transfer parallel to the air flow in the wire-on-tube type heat exchanger. Hence, Zhukauskas correlation has a more accurate prediction result compared to the existing cases. other research was proposed by (Yang, C, 2005) presenting the numerical results of the consequence of dissimilar parameters on the performance of hairlike tube-suction line heat exchangers (CT-SLHX), together with condensing and evaporating temperatures, degrees of sub cooling and superheat, tube diameter, tube length, and refrigerant flow inlet quality. The effects of different geomet ric and operation circumstances on the capillary vessel tube performance and investigated that the best design present capillary tube-suction line heat exchanger exists about 3 K of sub cooling and 1.4-1.6 m of the heat exchanger length. Further represent that R-134a performs better in terms of heat transfer rate and evaporator capacity than R-600a and heat transfer rate from the capillary tube to the suction line decreases by about 8-10% when non-adiabatic inlet arrangement is used compared with adiabaticWire-on-tube Design The most extensively used condenser in refrigerant system since many old age is wire-on-tube design used for the condenser and finned tube design intended for the evaporator. Wire-on-tube type heat exchanges consists of tube bundles within which a heat transfer medium such as refrigerant is strained to flow, whereas a second heat transfer fluid like air is concentrating transversely through tubes. As the airside thermal resistance of this heat exchanger is muc h advanced than that of refrigerant side, improved surfaces such as wires straight welded on the sequence of tubes are engaged to successfully reduce the resistance as in the other finned tube heat exchangers. Even though these are widely used in home refrigerator for low cost and simple making, the general design data and correlation for the airside heat transfer be not easily obtainable. This discharges additional studies have been focused on the research area for cycle matching and frosting.The airside heat transfer coefficient of heat exchanger will be able to calculated using the following two methodsThe heat transfer coefficient of tubes and wires can be obtained, respectively, by multiplying Zhukauskas correlation by correction factor Results is formulated directly by performing the heat transfer experiment on wire-on-tube heat exchanger. (Lee,TH.,2001) Capillary Tube-suction Line Heat ExchangeOptimizing a capillary tube-suction line heat exchanger is beneficial designers fo r vapour conglutination refrigeration systems and better enhancement of the system performance.A capillary tube is extensively used in household refrigerators owing to its low cost and effortlessness. It improves the system capability by minimizing the evaporators inlet-enthalpy. In addition it act as a shield for the compressor and increases the inlet temperature. (Gholap 2007).The capillary tube and the suction line figure a counter-flow heat exchanger. Refrigerant vapour is condensed as of the evaporator to the condenser in process and is packed together in the condenser throughout the process. A non-adiabatic throttling performance is implicated throughout process where heat is transferred from the capillary tube to the suction line throughout process, while at the same time heat is disunite from the evaporator for the duration of process The heat transfer from the capillary tube to the suction line over and over again leads to the upgrading in the thermodynamic efficiency of the system owing to the condensed refrigerant quality and towards the inside of the evaporator. Moreover, the transfer of heat to the suction line ensures the refrigerant vapour enters the compressor by this means of eliminating suction line perspire and preventing slugging of the compressor. The capillary tube has been extensively investigated even though a few numerical models of the non-adiabatic capillary tubes are existing but there require concord on some flow phenomena within a tube, such as the reverse heat transfer, the re-condensation, and the chocked flow of the condenser in a refrigeration system. about phenomena possibly will cause unstable flow in the capillaries the two-phase flow heat transfer coefficient has commonly been believed to be infinite. This hypothesis may be contrary in situations, where re-condensation or overturn heat transfer possibly will occur from the suction line to the capillary tube under distant operational conditions. This precise hypothe sis of infinite heat transfer has been undisturbed in the present model by using suitable two-phase heat transfer correlations to throw up the actual flow performance inside the capillary tubes. As a result a numerical investigation of refrigerant flow due to non-adiabatic capillary tubes through modifying the computer model developed. (Gholap 2007)Numerical ModelRestricted element approach and suitable heat transfer correlations are integrated into the model to calculate the performance of the capillary tube-suction line heat exchanger. This model is of two modesDesign mode to calculate the capillary tube length for the specified refrigerant flow rate,Simulate mode to estimate the refrigerant flow rate for the particular tube length. . The finite-elementThe model comprises the operating surroundings of the refrigeration system, geometrical Parameters of the capillary tube-suction line heat exchanger and refrigerant properties. This capillary tube separated into three sections.Adia batic inlet region (connecting the condenser), the heat exchange region and the adiabatic upshot region (connecting the evaporator).refrigerant flow inside the capillary tube comprises of two regions the single-phase region and the two-phase region. Numerical solution is conceded out and separating the flow domain into small essentials by the side of the capillary tube and the suction line. The length of each control volume model is 1 mm. Homogeneous flow theory analyzes the two-phase flow inside the capillary tube. The model is based on the conservation of mass, momentum and energy these equations are solved at the same time all through an iterative process. inwardly the design, the mass flow rate is an commentary and the sum of total length of the capillary tube is an output, whilst in the replicate case, the capillary tube length is an input and the mass flow rate is an output, which is evaluated iterative process, The calculated length is compared among the given capillary tub e total length, thus the supposed mass flow rate can be adjusted. (Yang, 2005)Enhanced tubes of condensersAir-cooled in addition to water-cooled condensers with in-tube condensation of refrigerants are extensively used in water chillers, air-conditioners .Trying to replicate the physical science of the condensation procedure analysis on condensation of refrigerants believe to be the transition faced next to the air-conditioning and refrigeration industry in recent years, An innovation of latest ozone friendly refrigerants as substitute for CFCs and HCFCs. Condensation with horizontal tubes, the two point flow is conquered by vapour shear or gravity forces. At the same time annular flow pattern has high vapour shear, wavy and slug flows become visible when gravity is the controlling force. In refrigeration applications with halogenated working fluids, better tubes are frequently used in bundle condensation. Tubes with two-dimensional or three-dimensional external fins are used in f ew cases they can in addition be internally amplified to increase the water-side heat transfer coefficients, when fouling is not a problem Bundle condensation has investigated, for reliability in heat transfer. The use of geotropic mixtures combination with bundle condensation should be dejected as it can give rise to relevant refrigerant composition shift. (Cavallini A et al., 2003) look questionHOW TO HEAT OPTIMIZING TECHNIQUE AND EFFICIENCY IN HOUSEHOLD REFRIGERATOR SYSTEM?AIMS The study of the project proposal is based on optimizing heat exchangers in the house hold refrigerator systems. A multi-objective optimization procedure is implements and finding out optimal design which minimise energy consumption and material cost for the household refrigerator systems. The study considers various design of optimization of heat exchangers. Objective To research on properly designed heat exchanger that will help to decrease energy consumption.To carried out a literature review on reduci ng the energy consumption refrigerator systems and also in low cost and increase the volume storageResearch method Research method is a process of getting better tell apartledge and understanding of work from peoples those who previously experienced and in some of the research is to take action on previous peoples understanding (Marshall and Rossman, 1999). In a research data can be collected from two sources primary research and secondary research. The primary research is to conducting interviews. These interviews help get knowledge and data for the key research issues and also to get different views of peoples .according to (silverman, 2004) interviewing play a key role in getting an large amount data in quick time .lot of researches make use of interviews to get a clear structure .and in secondary research that data is collection by means of document, previous research, articles, publication and school text book. For this research the secondary source has been used.Research des ign Research design play a very important role in research to know the outcome is researchable or not. The research design has to consider the three elements philosophical assumptions, specific research method and strategies of inquiry and also research question (John, 2009) .For this research. The first task is to find out the research topic which is related to the field and researchable. The choose topic was heat optimizing technique and efficiency in household refrigerator system. Because this topic related to the field and find interesting.After finding the topic the next task was to find literature reviews. After finding all the resource for the topic outline all the important points and start writing.Data collection Data collection involved collecting data by the source of primary and secondary. amass data involved in selecting data from different source and the techniques of data, that will collected for the purpose of final research (Silverman, 2004) according to (Sapsford , Roger and Jupp, Victor2006) Research doesnt involves in first hand data collection, but it can also based on the made material available made by other peoples. In this assignment the secondary source has been used to collect data for the research and all the material in the net treated with caution because it can be false. Therefore the data has been collected from the source NORA which is available in Northumbria University and the other source is Northumbria library for referencing text book for this research.Data analysis Data analysis is a process of brining all the collected data and structure for the research. Overview of researchHeat exchangers can have several design variables which are controlled by various reasons such as width, fin density, tube diameter, tube spacing, fin spacing, and so on. Energy-consumption and heat-exchanger which form a multi-objective optimization difficulty, Optimization was stopped after 50th generation ever since no additional development was observed. The explanation is divided into two regions. function one represent energy efficient and cost-efficient compared with the baseline design. Region two represents both energy and cost is better than for the baseline design. In the case of cost efficient solutions, condenser conductance waistcloth close to its minimum value. For energy-efficient solutions, it stays close to its maximum value with an enhancement in the evaporator conductance thus region two is most desired optimization.RESOURCES/CONSTRAINTSThe mainly used resources need for a research is websites, journals and text books for getting the information and previous research papers and the constraints are Time management for the research Find the research work for writing a literature review.Access to the websites which is held by an engineering organisation.Finding books related to the research topic.Collecting data from different resources.For designing the software used is solid workings 2010.

Bio-mechanical Differences Between Male and Female Runners

Bio-mechanical Differences Between Male and Female RunnersBUILT TO RUNBIOMECHANICAL DIFFERENCESBETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE MARATHON RUNNERSAcknowledge workforcetsSpecial thanks atomic number 18 accorded to the following people whose work contributed signifi droptly in developing this seeDennis Bramble and Daniel Lieberman whose recent findings established data track as an essential factor in the growing of homos, findings that added an extra measure of interest to, and a mount for, the essayJolie Holschen for doing such(prenominal) an excellent job of pulling together so much valuable selective in modelation on the anatomical differences between male and young-bearing(prenominal) athletes andStephen Seiler for his exploration of gender differences in endurance move workforcet and training.In addition, at that place were numerous other sources apply and for which appreciation is due. Attributions argon make to all sources in the References dent at the end of the essay.Table o f ContentsINTRODUCTION1Anatomical Differences between manpower and Women with Specific Reference to cartroad2Definition of the Term Marathon with Comparison to Other Types of political campaign7Definitions of the Term Bio chemical mechanism8Application of Biomechanics to campaign with Reference to Marathon Runners10OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE12REVIEW OF EXISTING query ON METHODS AND FINDINGS12DISCUSSION19CONCLUSIONS22 set a pass OPPORTUNITIES FOR RESEARCH22REFERENCES24BUILT TO RUNBIOMECHANICAL DIFFERENCESBETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE MARATHON RUNNERSMore than by brain size or tool-making ability,the homophile species was set apart from its ancestorsby the ability to jog mile after lung-stabbing milewith greater endurance than any other primate.INTRODUCTIONThe introductory point of reference (Hotz, 2004) simply, yet vividly, expresses the results of a recent charter completed by two American scientists, Dennis Bramble and Daniel Lieberman, and released in the journal Nature (2004). Brambl e and Lieberman contend that the ability to prompt desire distances was the driving force shaping the modern humankind anatomy. Hotzs characterization of early serviceman as marathon men and women from the tips of their distinctively short toes and commodious Achilles tendons to the tops of their biomechanically balanced heads (emphasis added) sets the backdrop for this essayan exploration of the biomechanical differences between male and distaff marathon runners.After a few additional historical comments, this essay opens with a presentation of anatomical differences between men and women with specific reference to test then continues with definitions and descriptions of the term marathon, as a form of organized running sport, and definitions for the term biomechanics in preparation for a discussion of how the field of biomechanics is applied to running. With this information as a theme, the objective and mountain chain allow be provide followed by presentation of previo us methods and findings revealed from a search of the literature on the topic of biomechanical differences between male and female marathon runners and closely-related topics. These findings will be discussed and conclusions drawn. Finally, recommendations for shape up interrogation will be presented.To return briefly to the research findings of Bramble, a paleontologist and biomechanics expert, and Lieberman, a physical anthropologist, to continue setting the backdrop for the essay, Bramble states Running made us human, at least in an anatomical sense. We think running is one of the most transforming events in human history (Chui, 2004). Endurance running is an body process that is reserved for humans in the primate world and not common in other mammals with the exception of dogs, horses and a few others. Bramble and Lieberman contend that running permitted humans to scavenge and hunt for food over significant distances and that the high protein food they secured was instrumenta l in developing larger brains (Wilford, 2004).To facilitate running, humans developed nigh(prenominal)(prenominal) traits including large buttocks with strong muscles which connect the femur to the trunk of the body preventing the body from over-balancing with each step. In addition, humans convey a lengthy arm-swinging yard and long ligaments and tendonsincluding the Achilles tendonwhich serve as springs that store and release mechanical energy during running. (Hotz, 2004).Brambles reference to todays running in the evolutionary context he and Lieberman established provides an appropriate introduction to the exploration of the biomechanical differences between male and female marathon runners (Wilford, 2004) Today, endurance running is primarily a form of object lesson and recreation, but its roots may be as ancient as the origin of the human genus.Anatomical Differences between Men and Women with Specific Reference to RunningThe description of anatomical differences between m en and women, which is foc purposed on anatomical features that ar involved in running, begins with a gender-neutral discussion to establish a foundation for the more than gender-specific information.Rossi (2003) emphasizes the complexity of walking, a precursor to running. He writes that half of the 650 muscles and tendons in the human body are involved in what most people construe to be the simple act of walking. He suggests that, in the evolution of the human body, there were hundreds of adaptations that had to take place, adaptations that required repositioning of everything in the body over several million years. Rossi writesThe arms, no longer needed for branch swinging, became shorter, the legs longer, the pelvis wider, the shoulders narrower, the neck longer and more slender, the spine changed from C-shape to S-shape. Major changes were required in the hip, knee and mortise joint joints. Hundreds of muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints gradually shifted in position, si ze and function. And of course, the new posture and gait required important changes in the size and position of all the organs of the chest and abdomen.Rossi suggests that some of these changes were extremely significant from a biomechanical perspective. For instance, he calls attention to the extraction pumping requirement of the upright human form Daily in each individual, approximately 74,000 quarts of blood must travel through speed of light,000 miles of blood vessels from the brain to the feet and legs in a circular pattern. Rossi emphasizes the human engineering challenge that was required to design a musical arrangement that would counteract the effects of gravity in moving blood vertically in this manner. Rossis comments are particularly important in the context of the up-to-the-minute discourse beca drug abuse they provide some insight into the current state of relevant anatomical features of todays runners and how those features were derived.The anatomy of humans, unli ke that of other living creatures, provides for quicken and endurance. The unique characteristics related to running include (Science in Africa, 2005, citing University of Utah Public Relations, 2004)Skull features. These features, which include sweating from the scalp and face, cool the blood.A balanced head. This shape of head with a relatively flat face, small teeth, and short snout moves the center of the aggregative backward which helps to counter the effects of moving upward and downward during running.A ligament running from the rear of the skill and neck downward to the thoracic vertebrae. This feature serves as a shock absorber that aids the arms and shoulders in counterbalancing the head during running activity.Shoulders decoupled from the head and neck. This feature allows rotation of the body while the head faces forward during running.A tall body. This feature, which includes a narrow trunk, waist and pelvis, provides for increased skin find allowing for raise body cooling and permits the upper and lower body segments to move independently.Short forearms. This feature permits the upper body to act as a stolon to the lower body during running activity while reducing the muscle power required for maintaining flexed arms.Large vertebrae and disks. This feature permits the human back to accepted heavier load up when runners impact the ground.Large, strong connection between the pelvis and the spine. This feature supports more stability and shock absorbing message during running activity.Large buttocks. This feature, and the muscles that form it, perk up the body during running activity. The connection of these muscles to the femur prevents the body from pitching forward.Long legs. This feature allows humans to take large tones during running activity. The tendons and ligaments permit the legs to be sparkle and less muscular thereby requiring a smaller amount of energy to propel them while running.Large hip, knee, and ankle joint surface area s. These features provide enhanced shock absorption by reducing the impact in any one specific area.Arrangement of bones in the foot. This feature provides for a more rigid foot by creating a stable arch, allowing runners to push shoot in a more economic manner and to use ligaments located on the bottom of the feet as springs.Large heel bone, short toes, and a big toe. These features provide for enhanced shock absorption and increased readiness to push off during running activity.With the running-related anatomical features applicable to all humans as a foundation, the focus now turns to the differences in anatomical features between men and women, specifically those features that are involved in running activity. Holschen (2004) writes that, until puberty, males and females are equal in monetary value of strength, aerobic power, heart size, and w eight they also curb similar amounts of body fat. first at puberty, according to Holschen (2004), male and female sex hormones begin affecting bone and lean body mass, circulation, and metabolism in different ways. A female typically has a wider pelvis, femoral anteversion (inward twisting of the femur), genu valgum (knees touch but ankles are separated), and external tibial torsion (feet do not line up in a straight manner because of out-toeing from outward rotation of the large calf bone). Center of gravity differences between men and women are minimal, correlating more by body type and height than with gender. (Atwater, 1985, cited in Holschen, 2004). When compared with males, females typically have smaller bones accompanied by smaller articular surfaces. They also have pro rata shorter legs with resulting decreased potential force in certain maneuvers. (Holschen, 2004).At puberty, girls gain both fat and lean muscle mass due to the influence of female hormones boys lose body fat and add muscle mass due to the influence of male hormones (Holschen, 2004). Women in adulthood have about ten pct more body fat tha n do their male counterparts (Greydanus, D. and Patel, D., 2002, cited in Holschen, 2004). The basal metabolic rate is approximately ten percent lower in women than in men. The presence of female hormones mandates that women rely more on fat metabolism at any given exercise level when compared to men. In addition, glycogen uptake, storage, and use are increased. (Holschen, 2004, citing Bonekat, H. W. et al., 1987 Dombovy, M. L. et al., 1987 Frankovich, R. J. and Lebrun, C. M., 2000 Nicklas, B. J. et al., 1989 Tarnopolsky, L. J., 1990) Cureton and associates (1988, cited in Holschen, 2004) attribute the differences in muscle strength between men and woman to skeletal and cardiac muscular hypertrophy and muscle mass percentage they contend that muscle mass in men is forty percent compared to twenty-three percent in women.Changes in body composition and circulatory capacity beginning at puberty result in approximately twenty percent higher cardio-respiratory capacity in men. Men also h ave comparatively higher group O-carrying capacity, larger heart and lung mass, a higher stroke volume, and higher maximal cardiac output which result in greater persuasiveness in aerobic and anaerobic activities, although training can overcome the inherent differences (Williford, H. N. et al., 1993, cited in Holschen, 2004).The results of the current research point to fundamental anatomical differences between men and woman, differences that largely begin to appear during puberty and which have some bearing on running capability.Definition of the Term Marathon with Comparison to Other Types of RunningThe term running can be defined as moving swiftly on foot so that both feet leave the ground during each stride (American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 2000). The research by Bramble and Lieberman (2004, cited in Nature, 2004), which was presented earlier, seems to indicate that running has been part of human existence since its beginnings and, in fact, contributed sig nificantly to development of human life today. Humans no longer require running for survival, at least in their normal aff strips that is, typically, humans do not have to run from danger or run in pursuit of animals to kill for food. In modern times, running has taken on a new formcompetition foot racing. This competition racing can be against oneself to achieve ones own personal best or with others. Racing against others can take many forms ranging from informal competitions between two young friends racing against one another on a playground to very formal competitions such as those in the quadrennial Olympics. The more formal running competitions are typically classified by the length of the run 100, 200, 400, 800, 1500, 5000, and 10000 meters as well as marathons (Dollman, 2003).There are many terms that refer to specific forms of foot racing run, dash, sprint, relay, meet, competitive trial of speed, foot rush, and marathon (Websters New creative activity Thesaurus, 1997). Of these, the terms dash and sprint are typically used interchangeably to describe a short, fast run or race (Websters New World Dictionary, 1988) or a short, swift movement (Websters New World Thesaurus, 1997). Organized dashes and sprints are commonly of 50 meters, 100 meters, 200 meters, 50 yards, 100 yards, and 200 yards in length (Websters New World Thesaurus, 1997). Marathons are a form of long-distance running, which are on- and off-the-track competitions of more than 3000 meters (Hlus, 1997). Specifically, a marathon is a footrace of 42 klicks, 195 meters (26 miles, 385 yards) run over an open course, or any long-distance or endurance contest People who compete in marathons are called marathoners (Websters New World Dictionary, 1998). Physiologically, there is a fundamental difference between a sprint or dash and a marathon. According to Pritchard (1994), A sprinter can exert maximum force throughout the run, but this is not possible for longer runs, where propellent force m ust be reduced to fight down energy availability.Historically, marathons are not new events. According to legend, the name marathon is derived from the classical city, Marathon, to commemorate Pheidippidess run from that city to Athens to announce Greek victory over the Persians. The marathon was introduced to the Olympics in 1896 and todays official distance was established in 1908. (Hlus, 1997 The Columbia Encyclopedia, 2005) Today, in addition to marathon races in the Olympics, many cities throughout the world serve as sites for annual or other periodic marathons (The Columbia Encyclopedia, 2005).A new form of marathon race has recently taken formthe ultramarathon, which is any organized footrace extending beyond the standard marathon running distance of 42 kilometers, 195 metersthey typically begin at 50 kilometers and extend to enormous distances (Blaikie, n. d.). Standard distances for ultramarathons are 50 and 100 kilometers and 50 and 100 miles (Meyers, 2002) with the long est certified race being the Sri Chinmoy, a 2092 kilometer race held annually in New York (Blaikie, n. d.).Definition of the Term BiomechanicsThe research produced numerous and varied definitions for the term biomechanics. The following are representative of the findingsThe excogitate of the mechanics of a living body, especially of the forces exerted by muscles and gravity on the skeletal structure. (The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 2000).The diligence of mechanical engineering principles and techniques in the field of medicine and surgery, studying natural structures to improve those produced by humans (The Hutchinson Encyclopedia, 2003).A apprehension examining the forces acting upon and within a biological structure, and the effects produced by those forces (The University of Calgary, n. d.).The science that deals with forces and their effects, applied to biological systems (Freivalds, 2004).The application of the principles and techniques of mechanic s to the human body in motion (Snowden, 2001).Biomechanics is a specific field which evaluates the motion of a living beingnessand the actions of forces on that organisma combination of several different areas of study including anatomy and physiology, kinematics (the study of motion without regard to its causes), kinesiology (the study of human movement) and kinetics (the study of forces acting on a system) (National Endurance Sports Trainers Association, 2005).In furnishing a definition for biomechanics, the Quintic Consultancy Ltd. (2005) provides some additional insight into the origin and details of the term, stating that the name is derived from the Greek bios convey life and mekhaniki meaning mechanics, adding that these individual terms are combined to mean the mechanics of life forms. The biomechanics discipline includes research into various life forms including plants, insects, reptiles, birds, fish, humans, and others. Within the human specialty, topics include mechan ics of bone, tooth, muscle, tendon, ligament, cartilage, skin, prostheses, blood flow, air flow, eye movement, joint movement and whole body movement (The Quintic Consultancy Ltd., 2005).Historically, according to Knudson (2003), the study of human biomechanics has alternated between accentuate each of its two componentsthe biological and the mechanical. Atwater (1980, cited in Knudson, 2003) claims that, during the first half of the twentieth century, scholars emphasized medicine and anatomy under the term kinesiology. The distinct field of biomechanics was born(p) from the work of biomechanists in the 1960s and 1970s. From that point the field began to emphasize mechanics over biology. Today, the competing forces to move the discipline either toward a biological emphasis or toward a mechanical emphasis continue (Knudson, 2003).Application of Biomechanics to Running with Reference to Marathon RunnersThe field of biomechanics, already narrowed in a previous section from considerat ion of all life forms to only humans for the purpose of this essay, can be concentrate even further to a sub-field called sports biomechanics (The Quintic Consultancy Ltd., 2005)Sports biomechanics uses the scientific methods of mechanics to study the effects of various forces on the sports performer. It is concerned, in particular, with the forces that act on the human neuromusculoskeletal system, velocities, accelerations, torque, momentum, and inertia. It also considers aspects of the behavior of sports implements, footwear and surfaces where these affect athletic work or smirch taproom. Sports biomechanics can be divided up into two sections mathematical operation improvement and injury prevention.The Australian Sports Commission (n. d.) furnishes additional descriptive information on the application of biomechanics to sports, using a term the Commission calls applied sports biomechanics which incorporates techniques from physics, human anatomy, mathematics, computing and e ngineering to analyse technique to prevent injury and improve performance. The Commissions division of sports biomechanics into two categoriesperformance improvement and injury preventionechoes the classifications offered by The Quintic Consultancy Ltd.Williams (2003) describes how biomechanics can help runner performance, specifically that of the marathoner. Leading into his recommendations, he describes how marathon runners use a simple biomechanical strategy known as drafting off another runner when running into the wind to reduce the adverse effects of air resistance and reduce oxygen consumption for the latter part of the race. He writesThe goal of the sport biomechanist is to improve movement efficiency, mainly by maximizing propulsive forces and minimizing resistive forces, and thus provide the athlete with a mechanical edge. Using high-speed cinematography, the biomechanist can analyze a runners form and key problems in running form that may be inefficient, such as overstri ding, and that may waste energy. Although most elite and experienced marathoners have developed efficient running styles, even a small improvement in running efficiency may make a significant difference over the time of a marathon.In addition to the strategy of drafting off another runner, Williams offers several other biomechanical strategies including selecting the proper sportswear (i.e. uniform and shoes) and optimizing body weight and composition. thence far the topics of anatomical differences between men and women with specific reference to running definitions and descriptions of the terms marathon (as an organized, competitive form of running) and biomechanics and the application of biomechanics to running have been presented and discussed. With this as a foundation, the focus of the discourse now turns to the topic of biomechanical differences between male and female marathon runners and closely-related topics.OBJECTIVE AND SCOPEThe objective of this portion of the essay w ill be to explore the biomechanical differences between male and female marathon runners through a review and analysis of selected literature on the topic and related issues.The scope of the literature review will include marathon running with specific reference to available information on the differences between males and females. Although running of shorter distances (e.g. sprints and dashes) and longer distances (e.g. ultramarathons) as well as other sports activities are excluded from the specific scope of this essay, references will be made to these activities when they related to marathon running. Performance improvement and injury prevention were mentioned as the two primary areas addressed by applied sports biomechanics. Gender-specific issues in each of these areas will be explored briefly as well.REVIEW OF EXISTING RESEARCH ON METHODS AND FINDINGSOne researcher who has studied gender differences in endurance performance, including marathon running, is Stephen Seiler (1996) of The Institute for Sport, Agder College in Kristianstad, Norway. He writes Some years ago it was proposed by some that women would actually perform better than men at ultra-endurance type activities. This theory has been disproved in the laboratory and in practice. As long as women are women, I dont think they will surpass men, states Norways perennial marathon winner Grete Waitz (quoted in Holden, 2004). The anatomical differences between females and their male counterparts, specifically those that affect running, were presented in the introduction. Now an attempt will be made to show that the general anatomical differences between men and women extend to biomechanical differences that affect marathon running performance and injury.Holschen (2004) writes that The female athlete remains less well understood and less well studied compared with male athletes, especially in the areas of performance factors, repetitive stress, and knowing injuries. She continues Logical reasons for this include (a) a limited two-generation span of the high-profile elite female (b) fewer females involved in coaching, research, and sports medicine and (c) limited areas of female youth sports historically (gymnastics, swimming, dance). The reality of Holschens findings proved to be true in the current research activity. There were remarkably few available sources on the biomechanics involved in womens marathon running. Most of the research either applied to males or did not identify the gender. Results from a review of selected research literature will be presented in this section beginning with gender-differentiated research results on running performance. Following this, results of research into the two applied sports biomechanics specialties will be presented with a focus on studies concerning footwear and injuries.Holden (2004) writes about performance in running with special attention to female runners. She quotes physiologist Henrik Larsen of the Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre in explaining womens marathon performance vis--vis men Women had not developed long distance thats why the improvement is much greater on the marathon. Larsen, who seems to attribute the performance improvements of female marathoners to focused training instead of anatomic factors, claims that we dont see any higher oxidative capacity in women. Holden also offers comments by exercise physiologist timothy Noakes of the University of Cape Town, South Africa who agrees with Larsens assessment A smaller body frame gives women an edge on endurancebut men can run 10% faster even when the difference in body size is controlled for.Stephen Seiler (1996), who was quoted at the start of this section stating that the proposal that women could perform better in ultra-endurance activities has been disproved, confirms that there are some physiological differences between the sexes that impact performance in females independent of age. He notes that there is a ten percent difference in marat hon times between men and women, adding that this difference is the same(p) across the distance running performance spectrum. He attributes this difference, not to a difference in training, but to physiological differences. He studied maximal oxygen consumption, the lactate threshold, and efficiency to analyze the differences between men and women as these factors might affect long-distance running performanceMaximal Oxygen Consumption. There is a 43 percent difference between men and women with men possessing a VO2 max (oxygen-delivering capacity measure) of 3.5 liters per minute and women with a capacity of 2.0 liters per minute. Seiler attributes this in part to male size men are larger. But, even when size is factored in, male oxygen consumption capacity is still fifteen to twenty percent higher. Males have a greater capacity to deliver oxygen to their muscles and organs.The Lactate Threshold. This is the point at which lactic point begins to accumulate at higher than normal le vels in the blood stream indicating an exercise intensity boundary at which the level of intensity can be maintained over a long period and that which will result in quick fatigue. Seiler does not believe that lactate thresholds are different for men and women as a percentage of their VO2 max.Efficiency. After finding conflicting information comparing the efficiency of males and femalesrevealing that females are less efficient, more efficient, or the same as males in terms of efficiencySeiler believes that differences in efficiency do not account for the differences in endurance performance.Seiler concludes with his determination that the ten percent performance difference between men and women in endurance running can be attributed to the first of the three physiological factors he studiedmaximal oxygen consumption.Another researcher who explored gender differences in athletics, and especially in endurance events, is Dollman (2003). Citing Shepard (2000), Dollman writes that there is consistent evidence, based on observations, that males possess larger measures of the following (quoted) tenderness volume, even when corrected for stature.Haematocrit, which gives males a 13 percent greater oxygen-carrying capacity than females.Plasma volume.Total muscle mass, which means that females perform the same absolute trade union movement at a higher percentage of maximum voluntary contraction, with concomitant vascular impedance limiting cardiac ejection and peak cardiac output.In addition, male skeletal muscles may have a higher succinate dehydrogenase (an integral membrane protein) concentration (Dollman, 2003, citing Costill, et al., 1987). Males may produce better mechanical efficiency during running (Dollman, 2003, citing Miura, 1997) although this is arguable as it may be rooted in cultural origins (Dollman, 2003, citing Shepard, 2000).Now attention will turn briefly to a review of selected research into the two primary application areas addressed by applied spor ts biomechanics running performance and injuries. Regarding performance, footwear will be discussed followed by a presentation of selected findings on research into injuries. Gender issues will be introduced.Lipsky (2001, citing Hennig, 2001) presented research findings on gender-specific requirements for athletic footwear designed for running. The research experiment involved fifteen women and seventeen men of the same body weights, heights, and ages. Each subject wore the same shoe size and each tested five types of shoes which included three styles of mens shoes and two styles for women. Using Kistler force platforms at a set velocity, ground force reactions, tibial acceleration, angular foot motion, and plantar pressures at eight strategic locations on the foot were measured. Accordin

Aristotle, Antigone and Billy Budd :: comparison compare contrast essays

Aristotle, Antigone and Billy Budd  In Poetics, Aristotle explains tragedy as a kind of imitation of a certain magnitude, using direct action instead of narration to achieve its desired affect.  It is of an extremely serious nature.  Tragedy is also complete, with a structure that unifies all of its parts.  It is meant to produce a catharsis of the audience, meant to produce the emotions of pity and fear and to purge them of these emotions and helping them better understand the ways of the gods and men.  Tragedy is also in a language in both verse and song.  Aristotles definition is clearly applicable to both Herman Melvilles Billy Budd and the famous Greek tragedy Antigone by Sophocles.  Antigone is definitely a good font of a Greek tragedy.  It contains all of the elements of Greek tragedy as defined by Aristotle.  Billy Budd has also been run intoed by some critics as a Greek tragedy.  This seems true in that it contains many of the requirements in a Greek tragedy.  However, as we look closer, there are many factors that are not rear in Billy Budd that are required in a Greek tragedy.  There are flaws to the theory.  Analysis of the Billy Budd has shown that enough of these flaws are evident to interpret Billy Budd as not a Greek tragedy.  There are differences in the character, structure, theme, magnitude, tragic heroes, plot, as well as focus.  However, it drive out be argued that these differences can also be similarities.  It can be explained as a variant.  Interpretation has been a key issue in these two works.  The two works cod been interpreted in many different ways.  Each way could lead to a different comparison of these two works.  Therefore, the reader must decide which explanation is most correct and conclude whether the similarities are sufficient to call Billy Budd a Greek tragedy.    Aristotle states that For Tragedy is an imitation, no t of men, but of an action and of life, and life consists in action, and its windup is a mode of action, not a quality. Now character determines mens qualities, but it is by their actions that they are happy or the reverse. Dramatic action, therefore, is not with a view to the representation of character character comes in as subsidiary to the actions. Hence the incidents and the plot are the end of a tragedy and the end is the chief thing of all.

Confederacy of Dunces Essays: Last Encounter :: A Confederacy of Dunces

A Confederacy of Dunces - Last Encounter In his last encounter in the novel, Ignatius returns to the ill-reputed Night of Joy. He is still employed by Paradise Vendors and wears the ridiculous costume of a pirate that is mis dish outn for a Mardi Gras costume. Ignatius attends Dorian Greenes strange political party and the distance between the bodily dunce and intellectual genius is extended. He tries to speak at the party but no one will take care and he outhousenot shroud being rejected for his ideas so he leaves. Throughout the rest of the novel, Ignatius exhibits characteristics of a dunce according to the rest of the characters. At the point when Ignatius disrupts Darlenes Harlett O Hara act, he follows a series of unfortunate events. The bird attacks him for his novelty earring and Ignatius runs around like a big crazyman(285). He bounces out of the bar and runs out into the street, only to beget face to face with the headlights of the Desire bus. As Ignatius faints from shock, he shows the reader how awkward and clumsy he is. He has the chance to avoid everything that happens but his dunce tendencies take control. He is ridiculed by everyone at the scene for his possession of Lana Lees naked pictures and ends up being the comedian and clown for the hour. Ignatius looks like a dead cow manufacturing in the street according to the newspaper photograph and the reader sees the reactions to the incident from every character(289). Mr. Clyde sees Ignatius as a big ape and only wishes that he can retrieve his costume from him(293). Dr. Talc needs to find Ignatius to clear his name but decides against it when he sees the paper. He realizes that Ignatius is the dunce but that he also has a way of turning things around which may be detrimental to Dr. Talc. Miss Annie reads the paper and vows to run Ignatius and Irene out of the neighborhood. She is only worried about the reputation of the neighborhood. splayfoot Mancuso is grateful for his luck in stopping the chain of pornography sales along with the incarceration of the three brute women who had attacked him once before. Santa Battaglia talks to the picture of her aim and comments on how awful Irene must be feeling and has no remorse for Ignatius. Claude is only worried that he will not be able to handle such a disgrace as a stepson.